农业资源与环境专业

1、第八章 农业资源利用与粮食安全,第八章 教学目的,弄清粮食安全的基本涵义与保障措施了解粮食安全与农业资源利用的关系熟悉农业生态建设与粮食安全的关系,Section 1 The great strategic significance for ensuring our national food safety,Food safety,一、 Summarization of food safety,二、 The important

2、 significance for ensuring our national food safety,1. Living significance — Enhancing life-quality,Edible safety, Nutrition, High quality food， guarantee people's life safety and life-quality,2. Economic sign

3、ificance— enhancing economic income,Maintaining food safety and upgrading food quality are of great advantage to promote international export trade，enhance economic returns of state, enterprises and farmers.,3. Ecologic

4、al significance — Improving ecological environment,Firstly, making every effort to reduce the application of chemical fertilizer, pesticide, herbicide to farmland,which. can not only reduce agricultural products pollutio

5、n，but also decrease atmosphere, water and soil pollution, and play great importance in protect biodiversity;Secondly, practising cleaner production in all steps and non-production for pre-production—during production—po

6、st production, going to the way “Cyclic Economy ” ；Thirdly，protecting ecological environment,namely protect the capability of food sustainable production.,4. Social effect— maintaining social stability,“Food be god to t

7、he people，safety take priority of food”.“Well fed,well bred”（food quantity safety）、“be well fed”（food quality safety）and “eating healthy”（safety of the capability of sustainable production），people can live and work in

8、peace and contentment，settle down to produce. society can be safety, stabilization. the world can be peaceful and tranquility.,5. Political significance — nation’long period stability,International aspect: our nation is

9、 a developing agricultural great Power. ensuring food quantity safety is the political needs of defending state sovereignty and safety, insteading of another country's control in the international.Domestic aspect：

10、only food quantity, food quality and the capability of sustainable production all have "safety control"，it will be in favor of long period stability of our nation.,Section 2 Chinese food safety confronted wit

11、h austerity challenge,Food quantity insufficient，qualification rate not high ；Residue high level of toxic and hazardous materials in food，many food poisoning incidents;Resource, ecological, environmental problems are

12、highlight，the capability of food sustainable production confronted with potential threat.law and regulations of food safety imperfect, their executing and supervision force inadequatly.,Our national food safety facing m

13、ain problems,1. Food quantity insufficient,On the whole，since the People's Republic of China founded for 58yr，dress warmly and ear one's fill problem of people of the whole country have solved basically，food qua

14、ntity is no longer the principal problem,but we must have a notice of:（1）Big difference——Compared with developed country；（2）Slow increasing——Our country’ per grain level did not increase for 18 years, had decreased to

15、the lowest value in 2003；（3）Many difficulties——Conflicts increasing apparently, including between human and land, human and food.,2. Qualification rate not high,Our country’food sanitation average qualification rate wa

16、s 61.5％ in 1982，reached to 88.6％ in 2001，this is a great progress by himself；But compared to international levels, still existing many problems。,In 2000, our country’agricultural ministry reported that exceed standard ra

17、te of pesticide residue in 130 vegetables and 10187 fruits samples was 19％ in china;In 2001, two sampled results of quality inspect general burear showed that pesticide residue qualification rate only were 72.％ and 64

18、.5％，especially organic phosphorus pesticide residue problem.,3. Residue level of toxic and hazardous materials in food high,4. Appearing many food poisoning incidents, badly endanger social stability,Food poisoning inci

19、dents have increased in our country for nearly many years, which badly damaged people’life and wealth——According to publication data of health ministry from 1998 to 2004， existing 1896 food poisoning incidents ，73534 p

20、oisoning persons， 1254 death toll，amounted to 271 incidents per year， 10505 poisoning persons，179 death toll ，producing badly sequel.,Table 1?,Table 1. Food poisoning incidents (1998～2004),Very standing out resource, eco

21、logical, environmental problems have threaten food sustainable production capability in our country.,5. Resource, ecological, environmental problems are highlight，the capability of food sustainable production confronted

22、with potential threat,At present，plowland amounts in our country is not enough. In 2004 per capita plowland was only 0.095 hm2。,Our country decreased 4.6667 million hm2 good plowland area in 10 years, which lost over 400

23、 million tons grains ，accounted for 10％ of total food production.,China is one of the most bad countries in water and soil loss.,Now，water and soil loss areas reach to 3.67 million hm2 in chna，account for 38.2％of total c

24、ountry, and increase at the 10000 hm2 speed rate per year. The severity of water and soil loss make china loss 50 hundred million tons surface soils, bring out lots of N、P、K nutrition elements.,,水质污染,Air pollution and

25、acid rain stimulatingly took place in many province and city. China is the third acid rain area in the world.,There were 14 badly polluted rivers and 54 polluted rivers in 78 main rivers in china.,At present, plowland ar

26、eas polluted by Cd、As、Cr、Pb etc heavy metal elements reach 20 million hm2，account for 20% of total cultivated lands。,,water pollution,,Soil pollution,4000～5000 advanced plant species accounted for 15％～20％of total plant

27、species are in severe danger.It was reported that 354 wild plants and 258 wild animals were extinct status.,740 world endangered species in 《Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fau

28、na》was listed，189 species belong to our country’s and account for 25% of it。,,Natural calamityFrequency high,China is the best serious country for natural calamity. Natural calamity directly or indirectly produce disa

29、dvantage effect to food sustainable production ability.,In 2004 natural calamity made 2250 persons death in china，1.55 million houses broke down ，3.71 million hm2 farm plant was hit by a a natural calamity，4.36 million h

30、m2 farm plants no-harvest，which directly produce 16.023 billion yuan damage in national economy.,6. Law and regulations of food safety imperfect, their executing and supervision force inadequatly,A series of law and regu

31、lations of food safety were established and come on, for instance 《Food Sanitation Law》、《Manage Methods of Food Poisoning Incidents》etc，but which can not suitable for new century and new position devolopment.At the same

32、 time, because of lacking of execute the law forces many law and regulations do not exert their important roles.,Section 3 Relationship between ecological agriculture and food safety,,一、 Increase production role of eco

33、logical agriculture,Ecological agricuture is one of main directions and models in our new century，which has very important and unsubstitute roles to solve “food quantity safety problem” in china.,,,,二、 Increase income ro

34、le of ecological agriculture,Currently，“Agriculture, farmer, country” problems are quite apparent.,Focus theme :—increasing income of farmer,Developing ecological agriculture,Farm produce species,Farm produce quality,Pro

35、duction cost,Sound use agricultural resources，especially all kinds of wastes,Increasing farmer income,Manoeuvre farmer’production enthusiasm,Keeping grain and food safety,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Increasing income roles of ecologic

36、al agriculture as the below two aspects：,Ecological agriculture decreased materials and manpower devotion;Ecological agriculture increased materials output;Popularizing ecological agriculture patterns，commonly increas

37、e production about 10％～20％ more than that of traditional plant pattern.,三、 Environmental protection role of ecological agriculture,Firstly，developing ecological agriculture and popularizing ecological agricultural techni

38、ques are to farthest decrease “wastes”emission and realize wastes decrement ;Secondly，developing ecological agriculture and popularizing ecological agricultural techniques are to farthest reuse and recycle “wastes”, and

39、 realize “wastes do not waste, resource regeneration”, really realize waste “cleaner production”.,四、 High quality and safety of ecological agriculture,Developing ecological agriculture,Green and organic food with no-publ

40、ic harm,,五、 Spreading ecological agriculture pattern and techniques, being the most effective measures of food safety,Ecological agriculture has increasing productin,increasing income, increasing effect, and environmenta

41、l protection functions.Ecological agriculture can produce the safety and high quality food，which is one of the most effective measures in food safety;Ecological agriculture pattern and techniques should vigorously sp

42、read in china.,Section 4 Vigorously developing ecological agriculture to guarantee food safety,一、Strengthen the understand of ecological agriculture At present, leader and mass from all levels know to some extend

43、 the importance of ecological agriculture ，but we must further develop eco-agriculture, and strengthen propagandize work. 二、Vigorously popularizing ecological agriculture knowledge Fully popularizing ecological agr

44、iculture knowledge，enhancing leader’s science and technology and culture quality，implementing “greed certificate”system.,三、 Entirely applying and spread eco-agriculture techniques,Solid agricultural techniques with high

45、effect；Integrating use techniques of firedamp；Ecological agriculture models and techniques with “quaternity；Diversification of cultivation techniques；Integrated managing and controlling techniques of drainage area ；

46、Regeneration techniques of agricultural wastes and renovating techniques of polluted environment；Etc.,In order to develop ecological agriculture，we must think highly of demonstration and popularize eco-agriculture tech

47、niques:,四、 Inspecting and controling the whole process of agricultural production,Strengthen “pre-production ”mangement；Intensify “during-production ”mangement, namely consolidat production process，protective cultivatio

48、n measures；Reinforce “post-production” mangement, especially process, transfortation, keep fresh etc.In a word，complete the whole process inspection from “field”to “table”，ensuring standardization operation of all step

49、s，maintenaning food safety.,General need s of ecological agriculture—— “the whole process of agricultural cleaner production”,五、 Strengthen scientific research of ecological agriculture,Mechanism of ecological agricultu

50、re increasing production and income；Influence mechanism and control ways of different eco-agricultural patterns on food safety；Differences and high effects of regional ecological agriculture；Effect and its mechanism o

51、f different eco-agricultural patterns on food sustainable production ability；Selecting and integrating technique systems of ecological agriculture patterns with high effect，and made them paternizationm, standardization,

52、 and applicability and maneuverability.,In-depth research science base and application techniques of ecological agriculture,六、 Attach importance to science and technology, industrialization of ecological agriculture，ens

53、uring food safety in our country,Actually, ecological agriculture is a carrier of modern high science-technology. We must highly attach importance to develop eco-agricultural techniques, enhancing produce and transfer ra

54、te of science and technology results, driving eco-agriculture industrialization, Moreover，We need to perfect relative law and rules of food satety，strengthen inspect force of food safety，keeping our country’s food safet

55、y.,Section 5 Main measures,Enhancing understand of ecological agriculture，vigorously popularizing eco-agricultue knowledge；Entirely applying and spread eco-agriculture techniques；Strengthen scientific research of eco

56、logical agriculture；Attach importance to ecological agriculture industrialization.,In order to ensure food safety of our country，we must vigorously develop ecological agriculture. Main measures as followed:,Ecological a

57、griculture is main directions in 21th century, which has great influences on improving and optimizing agricultural eco-environment and food safety.Ecological agricuture has very important and unsubstitute roles to sol

58、ve “food quantity safety problem”and quality safety and food sustainable production ability,etc.,Food safety has been widely noticed thought the world. Food safety is closely correlated with improving people’s life quali

59、ty, ensuring people’s health, maintenaning social stability, and establishing harmonious society.Maintenaning food safety equal to maintenanting ecological safety, economical safety and national safety！,练习题,试述我国农业资源保护